Film and TV productions are their own enclosed worlds. Often filming in temporary or remote areas, each production has to bring its own power to keep the lights, cameras, and everything else on. Here we explore the energy needs of a typical set, and how those needs can be met with clean mobile power solutions.

Production energy demands

Exhibit 1

Visualizing a film and TV production

• Set: The filming location where the camera captures content, sets can be on a soundstage or on location. Soundstages often draw power from the electric grid to operate power lighting, cameras, and other equipment, though some require additional mobile power for other items, such as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC). One study found that several soundstages in Canada’s Greater Toronto Area and Vancouver and in New York City rely on mobile power to meet all the energy demand needs of a production on a given day.^[1] On-location filming requires all equipment, such as lighting, cameras, and HVAC, to be powered by mobile power, typically using one or more 1,400 ampere (A) (210 kilovolt-ampere [kVa]) generators for lighting and an additional one for HVAC.^[2]
• Basecamp: The central hub of production activity, often within one mile from the set. Power loads include trailers (with HVAC) for talent, hair, makeup, and costumes, as well as offices for production staff. When located on a soundstage, and in some instances on location, basecamps will rely on grid tie-ins for power. However, when filming on location, accessing grid power is usually either not possible or limited, and as a result, the basecamp will rely in whole or in part on mobile power.^[3] Basecamp power is typically one of the larger needs on a production, and if not using renewable energy generation or grid tie-ins, will rely on one or two 1,400–1,600 A (210–240 kVA) generators.^[4]
• Transportation: Trucks and cars are used for a variety of purposes during film production. They can be used to ferry staff and talent to and from set and basecamp, run errands off-site, and move equipment around a site, including cameras, props, and grip, among other uses. Traditionally, internal combustion engine vehicles would be used alongside diesel generators to power any additional equipment within the vehicles.^[5] As electric vehicles (EVs) gain in popularity, transportation will represent a growing energy demand for a production set because these vehicles will need to be recharged on-site using either clean mobile power or grid charging.
• Catering: Catering trucks or lunchbox trailers are typically located near basecamp and are used to prepare meals for production teams. They usually include cooking appliances and HVAC equipment to ensure occupant comfort and air circulation. These trucks often use a 5–6.5 kVA (33–43 A) “putt-putt” generator and propane for stoves and refrigerators as well as up to a 70 kVA (466 A) generator for heating, cooling, and lighting.^[6]

Exhibit 2

The basics: What we mean when we talk about clean mobile power

Two types of clean mobile power technology have emerged as the most widely deployed diesel alternatives for film and TV productions today: solar power generation on production trailers (in the United States and Canada) and battery energy storage systems (BESS). Both have benefited from years of commercial development and falling costs outside the entertainment sector, making them relatively mature, reliable, and increasingly accessible for on-production use.

Solar generation, often installed on the roofs of modern, energy-efficient basecamp trailers, offers a proven method of generating clean electricity where sunlight is abundant, while BESS products serve as the storage and distribution backbone that allows renewable power to be used flexibly and reliably.

A third technology, hydrogen power units (HPUs), is also emerging as a promising complement to solar and battery systems. HPUs are at an earlier stage of deployment but have demonstrated strong potential to deliver high power outputs and rapid refueling capabilities. A deeper technical appraisal and practical considerations for their use on productions are discussed later in this section.

Benefits of clean mobile power for film and TV production

Clean mobile power offers a variety of industry-specific benefits, ranging from improving operational efficiency to providing health benefits and, in many cases, cost savings. Some specific advantages are explored below.

Health benefits from reduced pollution

During operation, diesel generators emit air pollutants like particulate matter and nitrogen oxides, which can result in poor air quality and adverse health impacts, including increased risk of stroke, lung cancer, and heart disease, in addition to worsening asthma symptoms. BESS and hydrogen fuel cells do not emit harmful particulates, so there are no adverse impacts on health related to local emissions. Hydrogen combustion units do emit some particulates during operation, though not to the same extent as diesel generators.^[7]

Flexible use cases and operational efficiency

Diesel generators make noise, so they often must be placed far from the set to ensure they do not interfere with sound recordings. BESS units are quieter by comparison, which allows productions to use them in a broader range of use cases and locations compared with diesel generators. The more flexible placement for BESS units can also reduce cabling needs and leads to faster setup and teardown times, saving crews time.

While HPUs also vary in their noise levels, manufacturers that are early to market have shown that it is possible to make them quieter than equivalent prime-rated diesel generators. H2 Portable Power Corp's fuel cell–based APS-GT100 produces 60 decibels (dB) at a 7-meter distance at its 100 kilowatt (kW) continuous power threshold, while the equivalent diesel MQ Power Whisperwatt 125 kVA/100 kW (833 A) model produces 66 dB at the same distance. This difference, approximately double the perceived sound pressure, is significant and is equivalent to someone speaking directly in front of a listener versus background noise in an average office. Due to various safety considerations, these solutions do have siting constraints that typically do not allow them to offer the same level of flexible location possibilities compared with battery solutions, and thereby savings in cabling or space needs.

Both BESS and HPUs can also support operational efficiencies through the avoidance of power breakdowns, which cause unexpected delays on production. These units can operate at a variety of loads, compared with diesel generators, which can fail if they are running at too low a load.

Improved community relations due to reduced noise and emissions

Diesel generators can be a contentious issue when filming on location in various communities due to the noise and the health hazards outlined above. The use of battery or hydrogen units can reduce air quality–associated complaints and noise complaints, keeping productions on schedule. Lower noise levels can also lead to cost savings as residents in neighborhoods adjacent to filming locations often need to be compensated for inconveniences associated with diesel generator use.

Increased creative freedom

Small battery units, when connected to small loads such as cameras or individual lights, can accommodate a broader range of cinematographic setups compared with diesel generators that are stationary and must be placed away from the set to limit noise disruptions. Furthermore, small battery units are flexible and enable expedited changes to a setup because they can be highly mobile (i.e., carried by one individual) and do not require long cable runs. Additionally, productions using near-silent power can capture content in locations previously unavailable due to restrictions on generator use or other sensitivities.

Image: Allye’s 300 kWh battery energy storage system provides clean, quiet, and reliable temporary power along the Thames — showing how on-location productions can move beyond diesel.

Operational cost benefits

BESS and HPUs are still relatively new, and as a result, their rental rates are typically higher than those of traditional diesel generators. However, when factoring in the full cost of mobile power (rental rates and fuel), batteries can offer potential cost savings, particularly in areas where the cost of grid tie-in electricity is low or when combining a battery unit with renewable energy generation, such as solar trailers. Battery units also require less maintenance compared with diesel generators, offering additional potential cost savings for owner/operators. Although the full cost of hydrogen and batteries is still higher in many cases today, our analysis in Section 4 indicates that projected total cost of ownership for BESS and HPU units are expected to decrease over time.

The case for action

The solution to the problem of noisy, polluting diesel generators already exists. Solar panels and batteries have been generating and storing power for decades, and the costs of those technologies have continued to fall. The technology is proven: scaling up industry-tailored products is now the only thing holding clean mobile power back.

By working together, industry leaders can accelerate the adoption and availability of clean solutions that power sets quietly, cleanly, and sustainably.

This opportunity comes as some government regulators and the industry as a whole are calling for cleaner solutions that generate low or no emissions, making a focus on clean mobile power not just a smart decision on production, but also one that sets up the industry to thrive in the long term.

For studios

Clean power technologies offer quieter, safer, and more efficient energy for on-production and basecamp operations, improving working conditions, providing production agility benefits, and enabling further electrification, such as charging for on-production EVs. Studios that move early will also benefit from incentive programs, lower long-term energy costs, and reduced exposure to tightening emissions regulations.

Embracing clean mobile power also helps studios meet sustainability goals. Diesel generators make up approximately 15% of emissions on a production, and as efficiency and electrification improvements are adopted across other major emissions sources on productions, the share of mobile power–related emissions will only increase over time with continued diesel use.

As major customers to equipment suppliers and rental houses, film and TV studios have a unique opportunity to shape the pace and scale of clean mobile power adoption across the industry. By setting clear standards for clean power use across their productions, studios can send a powerful demand signal that drives supplier investment, accelerates technology availability, and strengthens supply chains in key markets.

By taking decisive action, studios can establish a new industry standard, demonstrating that clean mobile power is not just an environmental imperative, but also a strategic and operational advantage for the future of entertainment.

For equipment suppliers and rental houses

Studios across the film and TV industry depend on equipment suppliers and rental houses to power their productions. As demand for clean mobile power technologies accelerates, suppliers have a unique opportunity to gain a first-mover advantage by upgrading their fleets and positioning themselves as the preferred providers of clean, reliable power solutions. By collaborating with manufacturers and studios, rental houses can help shape best practices for deployment, improve equipment utilization, and strengthen relationships across the production value chain.

Investing early in clean mobile power is also a strategic risk-mitigation measure. Governments worldwide are tightening emissions standards for diesel-powered equipment. For example, London’s low-emissions zone regulations and Metro Vancouver’s nonroad diesel engine program impose strict performance limits on diesel generators, while incentive programs such as California’s Clean Off-Road Equipment Voucher Incentive Project (CORE) help offset the cost of cleaner technologies. Transitioning fleets now allows suppliers to stay compliant, protect asset value, and avoid portions of their inventory becoming obsolete in key markets.

Beyond compliance, the shift to clean mobile power offers long-term financial and competitive benefits: reduced maintenance costs, access to incentive funding, alignment with studio sustainability commitments, staying relevant by providing the latest technology, and enhanced brand reputation. Early adopters will not only meet growing demand but also help shape the industry’s transition, turning clean mobile power from a niche option into the new standard for film production logistics.

Image: Hone’s hydrogen power unit delivers dependable, zero-emissions electricity on production.

For production executives, managers, and crews

Clean mobile power is not just an environmental upgrade, it enables creativity. Quiet, fume-free power systems allow productions greater flexibility in location choice, improved sound recording conditions, and a healthier, more comfortable on-production environment for both cast and crew. For directors and cinematographers, clean mobile power expands creative possibilities by delivering reliable energy to remote or noise-sensitive locations without compromise. For producers and managers, it reduces operational risks such as generator failure, fuel shortages, and community noise complaints, helping productions stay on schedule and on budget. And for talent and crew, it means a quieter, cleaner workspace that reflects the industry’s commitment to innovation and sustainability.

In addition to these creative and experiential benefits, clean mobile power technologies, such as grid tie-ins, solar photovoltaics (PV), BESS, and HPUs, offer practical on-production advantages. They eliminate harmful exhaust and noise, simplify cabling and site logistics, and improve safety by reducing exposure to emissions. Productions can also realize cost savings by reducing both equipment rental and fuel expenses.

Together, these advantages enhance efficiency, safety, and artistic potential — making clean mobile power not only a health and climate solution, but also a catalyst for better filmmaking.

For clean mobile power manufacturers

The film and TV industry represents a high-visibility opportunity for manufacturers to demonstrate performance, refine products, and accelerate adoption across multiple sectors. Productions require quiet, portable, and reliable power systems — precisely the characteristics driving innovation in the broader clean energy economy.

Demand for mobile, zero-emissions power is also expanding across adjacent industries such as construction, live events, and telecommunications. This diversification enables manufacturers to scale production, reduce market risk, and strengthen supply chains across use cases. BESS solutions now make up an estimated 25%–30% of global energy storage, while hydrogen-based systems remain at the earlier stages of commercialization (low-carbon hydrogen production represents less than 1% of hydrogen production globally; there are expectations for it to meet 13% of final energy demand in 2050).^[8]

Despite this momentum, there are still significant market opportunities for technology expansion because diesel generators still dominate the mobile power industry (at approximately 65%–75% market share).^[9] By engaging directly with studios, suppliers, and industry alliances, manufacturers can design fit-for-purpose units tailored to production needs, build brand recognition in a creative and influential sector, and help establish clean mobile power as the new standard for mobile energy generation worldwide.

Solar

Solar panels (PV cells) absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity for immediate use (e.g., for basecamp trailer lighting and HVAC) or for storage in a connected battery system. On film and TV sets, solar PV is most commonly installed on the roofs of basecamp trailers to power lighting, HVAC, and small equipment.

Solar panels are robust, inexpensive, and relatively available for productions in most major film and TV production hubs in Canada and the United States, and have been revolutionary in decarbonizing productions’ basecamps. The solar panel industry has experienced several decades of large-scale production and innovation, and the fundamental costs for solar panels have declined sharply as a result. Manufacturers of ultraefficient basecamp trailers have been incorporating solar panels into trailer roofs since at least 2014. More recently, solar combined with batteries and energy efficient trailers are helping decarbonize basecamps and reduce reliance on diesel for low-load power needs on film and TV productions.

Battery energy storage systems

BESS are energy storage systems, not energy generation systems. As such, they can be recharged in a variety of ways, including via the grid, on-site renewables, HPUs (see below), or diesel generators. There are a variety of battery chemistries that have been under development and are advancing quickly; however, most batteries manufactured for BESS use lithium-ion or sodium-ion technology.^[10]

Batteries are nearly silent, emit no local pollutants, can be recycled at the end of their life, and are readily mobile. Batteries can also offer 100% carbon-free power solutions if charged with renewable energy generated on-site, with HPUs supplied with green hydrogen, or when plugged into a grid powered by renewable energy. Although meeting larger loads with batteries alone can pose some challenges, several available battery solutions could effectively replace small to midsized diesel generators. Many options in the general mobile battery energy storage solutions space now routinely offer maximum sustained loads of more than 100 kW, with a growth rate in maximum sustained load of around 25%–30% over the past decade.^[11] For some productions with limited or no access to the grid, using batteries would require access to solar recharging, additional production planning to move batteries off-site for charging, or an energy-as-a-service (EaaS) model to deliver fully charged batteries each day to a production site.

Hydrogen power units

HPUs for clean mobile power applications generally fall into two categories: fuel cell–based energy storage systems and combustion-based generators. In contrast, combustion based hydrogen fuel cells combine hydrogen gas with oxygen in the air to create energy. They produce no climate pollution when powered by green hydrogen, emitting only water vapor. They also do not produce harmful toxins or particulate matter, which are particularly noxious and bothersome when using diesel power generators. Furthermore, they require minimal maintenance compared with diesel generators and can deliver high power (100 kW or more) output with reliable performance over an extended service life span.

Combustion-based hydrogen generators, in contrast, create energy in a similar fashion to diesel generators: hydrogen fuel is burnt, and this small explosion of gas pushes on a piston, creating power. Because the hydrogen reacts with all parts (nitrogen, oxygen, etc.) of the ambient air when it burns, combustion hydrogen generators emit small amounts of nitrogen oxides (however, no carbon dioxide, particulate matter, volatile organic compounds [VOCs], carbon monoxide, and sulfur oxide), impacting health and air quality. These emissions can be mitigated to near-undetectable levels with proper catalytic converter design, removing the particulate pollutants and VOCs associated with diesel units.

The carbon intensity of hydrogen-powered systems depends on the feedstock used to produce the hydrogen fuel, its supply chain, and the indirect greenhouse gas (GHG) impact of hydrogen due to leakage. Green hydrogen, generated via electrolysis (electrically splitting water into oxygen and hydrogen) powered by renewable energy, can provide a fully carbon-free solution to hydrogen fuel production, if also transported sustainably. However, there are still challenges with ensuring a completely zero-carbon transportation route and no leakage during transportation.^[12]

Image: A behind-the-scenes look at Hone’s hydrogen generator and fuel supply setup, which support clean, efficient energy generation for field productions.

HPUs offer another balance of advantages and drawbacks distinct from those of diesel, solar, and BESS, but their adoption in film and TV remains at a much earlier stage than diesel, solar, or BESS technologies. Although batteries and solar are relatively mature, somewhat cost-competitive, and familiar to crews, hydrogen is still highly dependent on the development of new infrastructure, carries higher equipment costs, and faces an immature regulatory environment. These factors mean that film and TV tailored hydrogen systems historically have required greater demonstration, education, and de-risking before progressing into production pilots. However, HPUs also offer certain advantages over BESS-based designs: their theoretical refueling time from empty is closer to that of a diesel generator, and hydrogen stores much more energy by weight than an equivalently sized lithium battery unit. See Exhibit 3 for a view of how these technologies stack up against each other, depending on location.

Exhibit 3

Recommended technology combinations

There is no one-size-fits-all solution for clean mobile power. Each production has unique power demands, site conditions, and access to technologies. As a result, the most effective strategy is to combine grid tie-ins, efficient solar trailers, batteries, and hydrogen in ways that optimize reliability, cost, and emissions reductions for the specific context. Exhibit 4 illustrates how different technology combinations can be tailored to production needs.

Exhibit 4

Solar

Battery energy storage systems

Hydrogen power units

Demand- and supply-side efficiencies

Energy efficiency is crucial to control costs and ensure no energy is wasted on production. Switching to clean mobile power solutions offers an inherent efficiency gain over diesel generators as battery systems convert stored energy directly to electricity without the losses (heat, noise) associated with combustion engines.

Beyond clean mobile power, further changes can improve energy efficiency. First, steps can be taken to reduce the overall energy (and peak power) demand, also known as demand-side efficiencies. These strategies, such as the use of superefficient trailers and equipment (i.e., HVAC, lighting, appliances), more efficient LED set lighting, and operational changes (i.e., controls and sensors to reduce wasted energy) reduce the baseline load of a production, making scaled utilization of clean mobile power solutions more viable. Second, once energy demand has been established, addressing supply-side efficiencies by rightsizing power systems to meet the projected demand can reduce the inefficiencies of using oversized systems.

Exhibit 5

Visualizing efficiency approaches on film and TV productions

Demand-side efficiency measures: reducing load on productions

Demand-side efficiency measures play an important role in reducing the total energy demand on a production and allowing clean mobile power solutions to be deployed more effectively. One prominent example is the use of the aforementioned modern, efficient basecamp trailers. These trailers are often equipped with solar panels and efficient HVAC systems for heating and cooling, making them particularly effective in reducing emissions at basecamp. They are now readily available and deployed in productions across many major film markets in North America.

Another efficiency-focused technology is the use of LED set lighting. Compared with legacy equipment, LED lighting drastically reduces power demands while offering greater and faster creative control. Although adoption is often framed as a creative decision left to individual productions, LED lighting is now broadly available, widely used, and relatively cost-competitive, and is therefore becoming the industry standard.

Efficiency improvements can also be achieved through operational changes and controls. For example, smart sensors and automated systems in trailers can minimize wasted energy by ensuring equipment only operates when required.

Taken together, efficiency strategies can play a significant role in reducing overall energy demands. Exhibit 6 demonstrated that a typical large production in a warm environment can achieve up to a 54% redution in energy demand from a combination of efficiency measures. This scenario offers the greatest efficiency gains for a production as overall energy demands are greatest due to high cooling needs in these environments.

Exhibit 6

Supply-side efficiencies: rightsizing and transitioning to clean mobile power

After reducing load through demand-side measures, productions can flexibly adjust the size of clean mobile power systems to meet their actual projected energy demands. This allows productions to avoid the inherent inefficiencies caused by the current fossil fuel status quo: drastic oversizing of generators versus the actual equipment loads.

Many film production sets are currently powered by large (1,400–1,800 A or 210–270 kVA) generators with connected loads far below their nominal power rating to avoid voltage drops when new loads are activated during the day. Exhibit 7 outlines a case study of a Vancouver film production that used three-phase, 1,400 A (210 kVA) generators to meet its energy demand. The average load for the production was only 4% of the diesel generator unit’s nameplate capacity, and during periods of maximum load, it was only 16% of that capacity, demonstrating that these power units were substantially oversized for the day-to-day energy demands of the production.

Exhibit 7

This case study highlights a wider industry standard practice of oversizing diesel generator units. Other studies have shown that productions typically require less than 20% of the total system power available. This practice can result in diesel generator units running at 10%–20% efficiency, well below their optimal load.^[13] Oversizing leads to multiple problems. Diesel generators do not operate efficiently at such low capacities; optimal performance requires 70%–80% loading. Running generators at 4%–16% of their total capacity results in poor fuel efficiency, accelerated equipment degradation (through wet stacking, where unburned fuel accumulates in the exhaust system), and higher pollutant emissions due to incomplete combustion.^[14] On top of these concerns, the costs involved in renting these oversized units represent an inefficiency that directly increases production costs.

In contrast, clean mobile power technologies, specifically BESS, are inherently more adaptable and able to respond more dynamically to production load demands. For instance, lithium-ion batteries have a coulombic efficiency (how much of the input charge is effectively returned during discharge) of more than 99%, while HPUs have an efficiency of over 60%.^[15] This means these products can scale their power output up or down to match demand from a production without efficiency loss and do not suffer from the same mechanical inefficiencies experienced by diesel generators at low loads.

Integrated power planning: aligning demand and supply

Finally, to maximize the benefits of both demand- and supply-side efficiency measures, productions should adopt detailed power planning that incorporates clean mobile power. Accurate planning ensures sets are not over- nor undersupplied, while reducing financial and operational risk. When possible, these plans should be informed by measured load data.

This means that accurate forecasting must capture both on-production power requirements and logistics-related charging demand to ensure clean mobile power systems are sized correctly for future production needs.

By combining demand-side load reduction, supply-side rightsizing, and forward-looking, data-driven power planning, productions can significantly reduce emissions, cut costs, and accelerate the shift to clean mobile power.

Deep Dive: Deployment Considerations for BESS and HPUs

Unpacking BESS

Batteries, like any energy storage system (fossil fuel or clean), come with their own set of trade-offs and compromises. Although costs for underlying components continue to fall, batteries purpose-built for the film and TV industry remain more expensive for rental houses and productions to procure than diesel generators in most markets due to their lower volume of manufacturing production. As with EVs, batteries that are not connected to constant, reliable power sources also have relatively long recharging times compared with diesel refueling once they are depleted. As a result, production teams need to compensate by planning their power use around these charging cycles.

BESS over 20 kWh also face safety and regulatory challenges. Volatile lithium components can present a fire risk that many fire departments are still assessing, meaning these large BESS are subject to certain restrictions on transportation, storage, and use, especially when multiple BESS units are colocated. Misperceptions of explosion, fire and/or unexpected “off-gassing” risk among the crew can further hinder adoption, even though modern lithium-ion systems are engineered with extensive safeguards.

Clear industry communication, safety training, and certification pathways can address these concerns, but regulatory bodies still have a way to go. For instance, in the United States, batteries exceeding a 20 kWh size threshold typically require a UL9540 listing. Achieving this listing is a lengthy and expensive process, and most mobile batteries built for film and TV have not yet achieved this, instead relying on exemptions from fire departments for deployments.

Unpacking HPUs

Although solar generation and BESS are increasingly common on productions, HPUs offer unique advantages such as wider operational temperature ranges and longer run times. However, they come with a different set of infrastructure, regulatory, and logistical hurdles. This section outlines key considerations, value propositions, and geographies where HPUs are poised for success.

Key considerations

Given the nascent status of the hydrogen economy, there are several factors productions should consider when evaluating the feasibility of deploying HPUs on production.

Hydrogen systems face notable limited operational fuel availability and refueling infrastructure, which can create uncertainty for productions that move between sites or are in remote areas for extended periods. Storage requirements also increase the footprint of these systems because the power unit and, in some cases, separate fuel storage need to be accommodated. In many jurisdictions, safety regulations mandate buffer zones (such as a 5-meter clearance radius) around hydrogen equipment storing fuel, which can be challenging to manage in constrained production sites like city streets.

Labor and regulatory challenges can also pose challenges. For instance, hydrogen is classified alongside diesel as a “dangerous good” in transit through some countries including Canada. As such, productions operating in jurisdictions without blanket transportation of dangerous goods certifications among the transportation labor force may risk not having the properly qualified driver force to move hydrogen fuel.

When selecting hydrogen for its sustainability benefits, there are also accounting factors to consider. Hydrogen is the smallest known molecule, and as a result it is prone to leaking from vessels that would typically be considered leak-proof. Hydrogen is often stored as a cryogenic liquid, and due to its leakiness, a phenomenon known as boil-off occurs. This is where small amounts of hydrogen escape because the storage temperatures are not cold enough or the seals are not tight enough. Boil-off is a concern from economic and climate perspectives because hydrogen is an indirect greenhouse gas that is 10x–15x more potent than carbon dioxide. Furthermore, zero-carbon hydrogen also requires significant amounts of water (10-20 L/kg of hydrogen) and electricity (50–65 MWh per ton of hydrogen), which must be taken into account when considering the solution as a zero-carbon energy source. This is particularly pertinent because many popular production locations are in water-stressed geographies or locations where clean electrons are hard to come by. This could necessitate mobile power generation, which is a significant cost and logistical hurdle.

Due to the considerations outlined above, BESS substantially outcompetes HPUs when broader infrastructure considerations are taken into account in most geographies. There are approximately 50 hydrogen refueling sites in the United States, compared with hundreds of thousands of level 2 and 3 charging stations that serve to complement widespread grid access in many filming locations. Additionally, the challenges associated with transporting and storing hydrogen mean it can currently present a compelling value proposition only in specific geographies.

These constraints limit widespread adoption, but they also highlight the niche conditions where HPUs can provide unmatched value.

Value-additive HPU characteristics

With adequate on-site storage, hydrogen fuel cell power units can provide long, continuous, and high-power run time to film and TV production sets (delivering more than 300 continuous hours), compared with the four- to eight-hour practical storage window of most BESS used on productions. Refueling fuel cells takes minutes, whereas recharging batteries can take 1.5 to 8 hours or more, creating downtime.

Hydrogen’s high energy density (approximately 33.3 kWh/kg versus approximately 0.15–0.25 kWh/kg for batteries) reduces the number of trips and total mass needed to move to/from remote sets. The balance tilts to hydrogen when daily discharge routinely exceeds two to six hours, and especially when shoots need more than 48 total hours or more than 12 continuous hours per day because avoiding recharge downtime directly converts to labor and schedule savings.

Last, fuel cells operate effectively from −10°C to 50°C, whereas BESS often loses capacity and/or peak output at temperature extremes, which is relevant for productions in high-heat and colder climates.

These operational advantages translate differently depending on the filming location. Geography ultimately determines whether hydrogen’s strengths outweigh its logistical challenges.

We have determined that the three key geographic characteristics that will make HPUs a more appealing solution than BESS are geographies with (A) infrastructure availability and high power demand or (B) extreme temperatures, which are factors in filming a production; and/or (C) the availability of clean hydrogen. These factors are mapped in Exhibit 8, which shows how they collectively determine overall market fit for hydrogen power units across key production geographies.

Exhibit 8

Geographies where HPUs are poised to succeed

Clean hydrogen infrastructure is available in all the core geographies mentioned above, and in many cases close to production hubs. In this section, we examine the current infrastructure in place across these geographies, as well as identify hydrogen projects that have either begun construction or have received a final investment decision (FID).

Exhibit 9

Hydrogen infrastructure in the United States is expanding, with 58 projects (see Exhibit 9) currently in the feasibility or demonstration stages.^[16] In addition, 10 projects have reached an FID or are under construction, and 11 are already operational.^[17] Collectively, these projects represent an anticipated production capacity of over 8,000 kilotons of hydrogen per year (ktH₂/y) and 13,000 megawatts (MW) of installed electrolyzer capacity.^[18]

A significant portion of this production, around 73%, is expected to come from blue hydrogen pathways.^[19] Most of the remaining capacity will be green hydrogen, with smaller volumes of turquoise (natural gas pyrolysis), pink (nuclear-powered electrolysis), and grey (fossil grid) hydrogen.

Exhibit 9 illustrates where hydrogen production projects are concentrated across the country, showing proximity to key film production hubs such as Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, New Jersey, and New York, most of which are near either operational facilities or sites under construction at the time of writing. Albuquerque is a notable exception at present, although emerging projects in neighboring states may change that in the next few years, especially as Texas positions itself as a major hub for hydrogen production, serving both domestic demand and international export markets.

Exhibit 10

Canada’s current hydrogen infrastructure remains limited (see Exhibit 10), with production primarily concentrated in northern Alberta. Blue hydrogen facilities account for approximately 2,800 ktH₂/y, dominating today’s production.^[20] Across the country, there are five operational production sites, though each produces only small quantities of clean hydrogen.^[21]

As shown in Exhibit 10, this landscape is expected to change significantly by 2030, with plans to add nearly 3,000 ktH₂/y of new production capacity and 17,000 MW of installed electrolyzer capacity.^[22] Future development is projected to be roughly balanced between green and blue hydrogen pathways.

Among Canada’s major film production hubs, Ontario currently stands out as the only region with operational hydrogen production. The Markham Energy Storage facility produces approximately 0.37 ktH₂/y through electrolysis. In contrast, British Columbia and Quebec do not yet have local hydrogen production.^[23] However, both Vancouver and interior British Columbia have projects under construction, supported by access to blue hydrogen from neighboring provinces. Quebec is also planning multiple new hydrogen facilities that will contribute to a broader expansion of hydrogen infrastructure across eastern Canada.

Exhibit 11

The European Union (EU) and the UK currently have the most extensive hydrogen production networks among the regions considered (see Exhibit 11). At present, 113 projects are operational, producing nearly 200 ktH₂/y with 325 MW of installed electrolyzer capacity.^[24] As Exhibit 11 shows, by 2030, this figure is expected to rise dramatically, with more than 66,000 MW of electrolyzer capacity and approximately 12,500 ktH₂/y of hydrogen production anticipated from 549 projects that are in the demonstration, feasibility, FID, or construction phases.^[25] Around 74% of this future capacity is expected to come from electrolysis, with most blue hydrogen production concentrated in the UK.^[26]

London’s current access to clean hydrogen is limited, with total national production in the UK amounting to only about 2,000 tons of hydrogen per year.^[27] However, the availability of clean hydrogen is projected to expand rapidly by 2030, which will particularly benefit film productions across the UK. In areas where productions occur in remote regions with limited grid access, hydrogen serves as a valuable alternative energy source. London also experiences more extended heating periods compared with nearby regions, a factor that can significantly affect battery performance, further underscoring the benefits of hydrogen-based energy solutions.

Across Western and Central Europe, most new hydrogen capacity will be concentrated near coastal regions, with relatively limited inland production. In contrast, Eastern Europe faces a potential shortfall in hydrogen availability unless the size and number of projects in the region increase substantially.

Bridge solutions

Although bridge solutions are not the focus of this report, productions have been utilizing them as interim measures to support the transition to 100% clean mobile power. These solutions should not justify the expansion of diesel generator assets; we encourage using them only when the clean mobile technologies outlined above are not feasible.

Battery hybrid

Battery hybrid systems typically include the use of a BESS and a diesel generator working together. In this setup, the battery system meets the energy demand of the production, with the ability to recharge during periods of optimal load via the generator. Battery hybrid systems can help support some of the oversizing challenges raised above associated with solely relying on diesel generators. This setup can save 30%–80% of fuel use compared with only using diesel generators to power a film production.^[28] Battery hybrid units can also reduce emissions by 30%–60% (or up to 86% when tied to a PV system).^[29]

Use of alternative fuels in diesel generators

Productions can also change the fuel used in diesel generators by either using a lower carbon drop-in replacement for diesel or modifying existing diesel generators to accept lower-carbon fuels. Renewable diesel, such as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), is an example of a drop-in replacement to diesel that can be used in existing generators. HVO replacement can offer emissions savings compared with diesel (our analysis found between 45% and 85% emissions savings when using HVO compared with diesel); however, there are some significant concerns related to the use of HVO. HVO fuels have similar tailpipe emissions to diesel, and when indirect land-use changes are considered, there is a high risk of environmental degradation (emissions from this are not accounted for because they are very hard and expensive to track). As with their traditional diesel counterparts, these generators also have noise and increased cabling problems.

Global landscape

Market proliferation

The clean mobile power sector is growing as industries seek alternatives to diesel generators for temporary and remote power needs. In 2021, the global mobile power market was valued at approximately $12 billion, and it is expected to surpass $20 billion by 2028, representing a compound annual growth rate of 8%.^[30] This rising demand is creating favorable conditions for the adoption of cleaner, more sustainable power solutions.

Political and economic forces supporting clean mobile power

Momentum for clean mobile power solutions is accelerating across major markets, with battery storage and hydrogen technologies emerging as central pillars for national strategies. However, progress is uneven, with shifting political priorities and market uncertainties potentially hindering the pace of deployment.

United States

The US clean energy landscape in 2025 is marked by rapid growth in battery storage and continued momentum for hydrogen, but clean energy faces significant policy headwinds.^[31] Battery storage capacity is expected to reach 30–45 gigawatts (GW) by the end of 2025, driven by earlier federal tax credits and robust state-level demand, especially in California and Texas.^[32] However, recent federal policy changes have reduced or phased out tax incentives for wind, solar, and storage, creating uncertainty for new projects and slowing some investment.

For hydrogen, the national strategy targets 10 million tons of clean hydrogen production annually by 2030, with a focus on industrial use, heavy transport, and long-duration energy storage.^[33] Federal funding and regional hydrogen hubs continue to support sector growth, but the pace is tempered by shifting priorities toward fossil fuels and regulatory uncertainty. It is noteworthy that in the United States, clean hydrogen is not the same as green hydrogen in other markets. It is defined as hydrogen produced with a life-cycle GHG emissions rate of no greater than 4 kg CO₂e/kg of hydrogen.^[34]

To further accelerate commercialization, the Title 17 Innovative Clean Energy Loan Guarantee Program offers nearly $24 billion in loan guarantees for technologies that reduce, avoid, or sequester GHG emissions.

For diesel generators, Environmental Protection Agency regulations mandate that all new off-road diesel generators in the 56–560 kW (466–4,663 A) category meet Tier 4 emissions standards, increasing new diesel engine costs by more than 10%. These restrictions have been similarly implemented in Canada.^[35]

Canada

Canada is accelerating its clean energy transition with new federal policies and investment incentives, focusing on batteries and hydrogen. The Clean Electricity Regulations finalized in 2024 set a path to a net-zero grid by 2050, while federal investment tax credits for clean technology and manufacturing are spurring rapid growth in battery storage projects.^[36] Battery capacity is projected to rise from less than 600 MW in 2024 to more than 4,000 MW by 2028, but experts estimate 8,000–12,000 MW will be needed by 2035 to meet climate targets. Hydrogen strategy targets a leading global role by 2050, with federal funding and regulatory frameworks supporting production hubs and infrastructure; however, the sector still faces cost-, scale-, and infrastructure-related challenges.^[37] Despite strong public investment and clear climate goals, Canada must address grid integration, project lead times, and market uncertainties to fully realize the potential of batteries and hydrogen.

United Kingdom

The UK has ramped up support for clean energy with policies like the Great British Energy Act 2025 and the UK Battery Strategy, aiming to boost domestic battery production and grid-scale storage, with capacity expected to reach 8 GW by the end of 2025.^[38] Hydrogen targets include 10 GW of production by 2030, backed by funding for green hydrogen and industrial use.^[39] Although public investment and clear targets provide momentum, key challenges remain, including grid connection delays, planning hurdles, and uncertainty around long-term demand and infrastructure.

The UK Finance Bill 2021 bans the use of red diesel (a rebated fuel commonly used in generators), pushing users toward cleaner technologies.

Image: Another look at Allye’s mobile battery system supporting a production near the Millennium Bridge where they delivered zero-emissions power in the heart of London.

In the EU, the Stage V emissions standard for nonroad mobile machinery requires diesel generators to include advanced emissions controls, further raising the cost of compliant diesel systems.

Increased Investment

In parallel with favorable policy developments, venture capital and private equity firms, both within and beyond the entertainment sector, are fueling the growth of clean mobile power through substantial investment. Since 2020, according to the International Energy Agency, approximately $22.5 billion has been invested globally in energy storage and battery technologies, the foundational components of many clean mobile power systems. An additional $11.5 billion has gone toward hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, which are increasingly seen as viable options for longer-duration or higher-power applications. Meanwhile, energy efficiency technologies, which help reduce overall power demand on production, have attracted roughly $8 billion in early- and late-stage capital.

This surge in funding is accelerating the pace of innovation, improving the performance and cost profile of clean mobile power solutions, and expanding the range of technologies available to meet the diverse needs of film and TV productions.

Despite this welcome funding, the industry must still overcome persistent barriers, including infrastructure limitations, fragmented stakeholder coordination, and higher up-front costs. Addressing these challenges will determine whether clean mobile power remains a niche solution or becomes the foundation of a global shift in temporary energy.

Despite strong interest and early momentum, widespread adoption of clean mobile power technologies across the entertainment industry remains limited due to a range of persistent market, technical, and operational barriers. Such barriers are explored below.

Technical and infrastructure gaps

Technical and infrastructure limitations pose challenges that continue to inhibit adoption. The main technical barrier to the broader adoption of clean mobile power technologies is the lack of availability of units that meet the specific needs of the production industry. As previously discussed, there is a wide range of applications for clean mobile power generation and storage solutions, including backup power, live events, construction, disaster relief, telecommunications, and others. As a result, many manufacturers are developing cutting-edge solutions; however, they do not (yet) fit the required size, power, and mobility specifications to easily integrate into film and TV production.

Some of the technical specifications that require industry-tailored approaches include:

1. Mobility of the unit: Due to the nature of film and TV productions moving to different locations or needing units to be recharged off-site in remote areas, the industry requires clean power generation and storage solutions that are easily mobile and can be moved more than one time per day, either towed by a standard truck or mounted on a flatbed.
2. Physical size of the unit: Many production sets are working with constrained space, and as a result clean mobile power units need to be sized to fit within a standard parking space.
3. Power demand: Clean mobile power units intended to serve as drop-in replacements for diesel generators and function optimally with the existing production equipment must be capable of matching the power outputs of existing diesel generators, including power unit size (at least 90 kW), voltage (120/208 V for Canada and the United States, 230/400 V for the UK), and duration (up to 14 hours).

A survey across major production studios, suppliers, and producers found that the limited supply of industry-specific clean mobile power units, and the volume required for significant adoption, was a major barrier to moving away from relying on fossil fuels within their productions.^[40] Yet, through a combination of industry-wide efforts, such as publishing product specifications and requirements and the work of CMPI, the production industry has seen an increase in the development of clean mobile power technology solutions that meet its operational needs.

The lack of supporting infrastructure to enable the use of clean mobile power units on productions has also slowed uptake, including plug-in locations as well as hydrogen power production and distribution.^[41]

Image: ElectricFish’s grid-resilient battery system brings clean, silent energy to the desert, which demonstrates how advanced mobile power can perform in extreme environments.

Labor complexities

Union and workforce rules to date have complicated the responsibilities around handling clean mobile power units and refueling. These rules, and the labor roles they govern, were created during periods where fossil fuel–based technologies and workflows were the only way to feasibly provide power to a set. As a result, clean mobile power technology manufacturers with ambitions of entry into film and TV have largely had to create products that fit into the existing workflows for roles in the industry. When products or business models that do not fit these existing paradigms are introduced, there is often uncertainty over who is authorized to operate or maintain the new technologies, which in turn can slow decision-making and adoption on production.

This challenge is compounded by a decentralized workforce. Crew members are often spread across different organizations and production companies, each with their own protocols and levels of readiness. This fragmentation makes it difficult to ensure consistent training, safety standards, and operational practices. Further, these crew members may even own existing power equipment — usually fossil fuel–based — that they rent to productions as owner/operators. This creates additional friction with adoption, because the end-user for many clean mobile power products may be actively disincentivized to vouch for their adoption since this switch may impact the crew member’s previous investments.

Many crew members, including electricians and gaffers, also often have limited familiarity with new technologies, safety protocols, or fueling/recharging workflows. These knowledge gaps can slow adoption, increase costs, and reinforce reliance on conventional diesel systems.

Complex stakeholder coordination

Complex coordination among stakeholders also poses a significant barrier. The adoption of clean mobile power solutions involves a wide array of stakeholders, including studios, producers, rental companies, equipment manufacturers, unions, and production crews such as electricians and gaffers. Aligning incentives and priorities across this fragmented ecosystem is difficult, especially when legacy practices are deeply embedded and traditional budgeting processes divorce fuel costs from equipment rental costs.

Existing diesel rental stock is spread across a diverse set of owners, including rental houses as well as individual owner/operators, making transitioning to clean mobile power a multitarget process. Each group faces different financial pressures, technical needs, and decision-making timelines, which complicates coordinated investment in new equipment and supporting infrastructure.

Higher capital costs and budget misalignment

Another constraint slowing clean mobile power adoption is the significantly higher capital costs of clean mobile power systems, particularly batteries and hydrogen fuel cells, compared with traditional diesel generators.^[42] Based on our analysis, these premiums can be up to three times more than diesel alternatives for HPUs and up to two times more for BESS units, creating economic friction for productions that are incentivized to choose the lowest-cost option. Additional transportation accessories can add to these costs, with BESS unit premiums potentially increasing to up to three times more than a diesel alternative when including the trailer rental costs.^[43]

Furthermore, the budgeting structure of most productions fails to capture the full value proposition of clean mobile power systems. Fuel costs, for example, are often categorized separately from equipment rentals, making it difficult to account for long-term savings in operational budgets. Even when clean mobile power solutions reduce total fuel usage or improve efficiency, these benefits may not be easily visible within conventional budget frameworks.^[44]

Image: Compact and efficient, REON’s 5 kWh mobile battery unit powers small-scale production setups with clean, silent energy.

Operational/financial risk and reliability perceptions

Beyond economics and technology, entrenched practices act as barriers. Producers, production managers, and crews are accustomed to established workflows, trusted vendors, and equipment they know will “just work.” This culture discourages experimentation, even when clean mobile power systems are available. The preference for business as usual slows adoption.

Clean mobile power technologies are often viewed by those procuring and operating these systems as unproven or risky, which leads to conservative behavior, such as renting backup diesel generators to limit or avoid any possible downtime on a production. This practice can be a useful backup solution in the earlier stages of clean mobile power technology adoption; however, as clean mobile power units are normalized on production, it can result in increased costs and continue to entrench the pattern of the use of diesel generators on productions. Owners of traditional equipment frame diesel as more reliable, further engraining legacy systems and discouraging experimentation with new clean mobile power products. Productions are effectively “zero-failure environments,” so even small uncertainties around run time, recharging logistics, or new workflows are magnified.

Operational barriers also persist. Clean mobile power solutions often require different workflows, footprints, and safety protocols than diesel. These new processes — including revised setup logistics, recharging schedules, and updated safety requirements — can feel cumbersome to crews accustomed to conventional operations. In some cases, external factors compound these challenges: for example, some insurance policies require productions using clean mobile power units to have backup diesel generators on-site. Together, these operational changes and institutional requirements reinforce the perception of clean mobile power technologies as complex or risky, further dissuading users from change. Additionally, many productions lack robust energy management systems (EMS) and real-time energy data, leading to chronic oversizing of generators and underuse of alternative clean mobile power solutions.

Policy and regulatory patchwork

Government policies (or lack thereof) can limit widespread adoption of clean mobile power technologies. The inherent global nature of productions, including filming in multiple international locations, can result in productions needing to coordinate between different restrictions, regulations, and operation requirements. Furthermore, this patchwork across geographies leads to a lack of, or reduced, centralized signal to governments for future regulatory directions. For example, many incentive programs for clean mobile power use on productions, as well as pollution restrictions for diesel generators, are implemented or enforced at the municipal or occasionally the state or province level. As a result, scaling operations across different jurisdictions for suppliers, studios, and manufacturers can be challenging.

Furthermore, given the novel and quickly evolving nature of some of the technologies available, regulators are still developing safety-related codes and standards for these units and their corresponding fuel supply (where applicable). Permitting processes for large clean mobile power products across North America still often rely on schemes developed for fixed, utility-scale energy storage products. In many jurisdictions in the United States, authorities having jurisdiction now require a mobile battery over 20 kWh (just under one-third the size of a Tesla Model Y battery) to have a UL9540 listing. The process for achieving this listing, which was originally developed for large, fixed BESS installed at utility sites, is arduous for nascent manufacturers, costing several hundred thousand dollars for several months of testing in which a full-scale unit must be destroyed.

BESS and HPUs are still nascent technologies for which regulatory bodies in many countries such as Canada, the UK, and the United States have not finalized all regulations around the movement of the power units or the transportation of fuel for unit refueling. This level of regulatory uncertainty can provide added risk for suppliers looking to purchase clean mobile power, and raises operational challenges for productions navigating different rules and permitting processes across geographies.

Weak and misaligned demand signals

Finally, and very importantly, a key barrier to clean mobile power adoption is the fragmented nature of how power equipment is purchased, maintained, and operated across the industry. Many studios do not own their own equipment and therefore rely on renting power units from rental houses for use on their productions. This structure places rental houses in a critical gatekeeping role for clean mobile power adoption.

However, many rental houses remain hesitant to invest in or stock these products due to unclear or fragmented demand signals from production studios. Without tangible commitments — such as minimum guarantee rental agreements from studios — rental houses face uncertainty about utilization rates and, consequently, the payback periods for new equipment. Rental houses must absorb the full up-front capital costs of these systems while relying on steady rentals to recoup their investment over time. With no assurance of repeat bookings or long-term contracts, clean mobile power units represent a higher-risk asset on their balance sheets. This risk is compounded by the steep price differential compared with diesel generators.

The lack of forward-looking commitments from studios limits the confidence of rental houses to invest in clean mobile power systems, and in turn deprives clean mobile power manufacturers of the market signals needed to justify ongoing R&D, production scaling, and hardware product modifications to meet the needs of the industry. Without visibility into guaranteed purchase volumes or future demand, manufacturers are less likely to invest in next-generation product advancements, build out dedicated production lines, or secure component supply chains. And for many of the manufacturers reliant on external funding such as loans and venture capital investment, lack of commitments — such as prepurchase agreements or letters of intent from rental houses — can inhibit further access to capital from external financiers.

These interdependent value chain dynamics result in a stalled innovation loop: manufacturers hold back on improving, scaling, or investing in clean mobile power technologies for the film and TV industry due to perceived market risk; rental houses delay procurement due to high costs and uncertainty; and studios continue relying on diesel due to constraints of clean mobile power product availability.

The transition to clean mobile power will not happen through technology development alone. To overcome the barriers identified in the previous section, the industry must align around a set of clear, measurable objectives that collectively create the conditions for clean mobile power deployment at scale. These objectives reflect both the demand- and supply-side shifts required for success: reducing the overall energy footprint of productions to ensure that clean mobile power solutions are available and affordable, driving the investment needed to scale, and fostering widespread adoption and literacy on productions. By articulating these outcomes, we aim to address what the industry needs to accomplish to achieve widespread adoption of clean mobile power as an alternative to diesel generators. Section 5 provides recommended strategies to achieve these industry objectives.

Reduce energy demand on productions to efficiently deploy clean mobile power solutions

As discussed in Section 3, demand-side energy reductions, or energy efficiency, are critical components of effective deployment of clean mobile power on productions. This includes taking advantage of new technologies and best practices to reduce the overall load, followed by rightsizing power provisions to meet the actual energy demand of a production. We estimate that efficiency measures can reduce overall energy demand on a production by approximately 49% on average across range of production sizes and temperature environments, bringing a remote production from 309.4 MWh down to 158.38 MWh. Efficiency measures would also reduce peak load by an estimated 63%, from 258 to 95 kW.

We estimate that efficiency measures could reduce energy demand by roughly 286 gigawatt-hours (GWh) across the United States, the UK, and Canada collectively, or 158.13, 66.8, and 61.1 GWh, respectively, in 2026. These savings are roughly equivalent to powering two midsize cities (approximately 100,000 inhabitants) for a month (electricity only).

Increase availability of clean mobile power solutions that meet industry power needs in critical markets

The availability of clean mobile power units tailored to film and TV production needs is still nascent globally. The volume and accessibility will need to increase to be deployed on productions at scale.

There are three critical factors that will enable broader availability of clean mobile power:

• Increasing the variety of clean mobile power products offered in the market, allowing for optimizing clean mobile power product selection based on geographic, operational, and energy demand considerations.
• Expanding manufacturers’ production capacity to meet growing demand for clean mobile power products.
• Ensuring greater market access by increasing the volume of clean mobile power products purchased by suppliers and made available for rental to productions.

Based on current estimated available clean mobile power units, availability would need to scale by 25 times to meet a total energy demand of 360.1 GWh for productions in the United States, Canada, and the UK (based on 2026 projected estimates).

The industry will need to address all three critical availability pieces to deploy enough clean mobile power units at scale to meet energy demand on production sets today and in the future.

Decrease costs of clean mobile power units and services to be equal to or below diesel generators

Although the core components of clean mobile power are proven and benefit from mature supply chains, their application in film and TV is early stage, which keeps unit costs high due to low production volumes and custom, on-production requirements. The primary pathway to cost reduction will be economies of scale. The main, long-term cost driver of these units built for film and TV is still expected to be the underlying components generating and storing power (i.e., fuel cells, battery cells, inverters, and panels), which have relatively mature production processes and supply chains already established. However, the costs of power equipment built specifically for film and TV are initially very high because of the unique and specific needs of the industry, such as those developed with industry partners through CMPI.[45]

Even with additional premiums associated with the use of clean mobile power, it is important to contextualize this with the broader costs of a production. The spend on power and utilities represents an average of 0.8% of a film or TV production’s overall budget. If solar + BESS power is four times the costs of traditional diesel generators today (levelized basis), using BESS solutions would represent a 2.4% increase in overall budget. Similarly, if HPU units are five times the cost, it would result in a 3.2% increase in overall budget.

Drive investment into clean mobile power technologies to expand product offerings and propel product scale

Investment is a critical component to both expanding the range of products and companies that are developing clean mobile power products as well as supporting these companies to ramp up and scale their production lines. Targeted capital is needed not only for early-stage manufacturers, but also for commercial-scale manufacturing, deployment, and supporting infrastructure.

Over the past five years, we have seen just over $38 billion of investment globally into mobile battery climate technology startups and an additional $1 billion of investment in hydrogen power and storage system startups. Average investment round sizes within the past five years have been just under $33 million for battery companies and just over $13 million for hydrogen companies.[46] However, most of this investment has flowed to transportation and stationary power applications, rather than to portable or mobile applications like those needed for film and TV. Redirecting even a small portion of this momentum toward clean mobile power technologies could unlock significant progress for the industry.

Increased investment throughout the value chain can enable manufacturers to scale production, lower per-unit costs through economies of scale, and develop clean mobile power products tailored to on-location production needs. Sustained capital flows, directed not only to technology development but also to expanding shared charging and refueling infrastructure and low-to-zero-emissions fuel production, are essential to move clean mobile power from pilot projects to mainstream industry adoption.

Image: RIC’s CleanGen J250 system provides consistent, low-noise power for production and event use cases.

Promote adoption, buy-in, and literacy on productions to remove usage barriers

Widescale buy-in is the linchpin to success in scaling clean mobile power within the film and TV industry. Even if the industry can successfully develop, invest, and scale clean mobile power technologies, if production managers and crews are not champions for using these products and if gaffers do not know how to integrate these products safely and effectively into their operations, then the industry will not see meaningful progress in the use of clean mobile power technologies on production sets, particularly over the next couple of years.

Exhibit 12 highlights critical components needed to enable a flywheel of clean mobile power adoption.

Exhibit 12

Although stakeholder-specific leadership is essential, from studios setting clean mobile power utilization requirements on productions, to suppliers bringing new technologies to market, to financiers unlocking capital, none of these efforts will be sufficient on their own. Achieving clean mobile power at scale requires cross-industry collaboration and alignment. The barriers to deployment are systemic: fragmented demand, perceived financial and operational risk, and business models that are misaligned with long-term adoption. Building on the objectives outlined above, the industry must pursue coordinated, multistakeholder strategies that create the certainty, trust, and momentum needed to establish clean mobile power as the new standard.

To deliver on these objectives, several priority pathways for collaboration stand out.

Demand and supply formation

Aggregate demand and execute advanced market commitments

Barriers addressed: Weak demand signals, limited supplier investment

Objectives advanced: Increase availability, decrease costs, drive investment

Today, the market signal for clean mobile power is fragmented: each studio or production makes purchasing or rental decisions independently, often for short project cycles. This scattered demand is too inconsistent and small scale to justify major investment in new manufacturing capacity, supply chains, or service infrastructure. The result is a “chicken-and-egg” problem: suppliers hesitate to scale without guaranteed demand, while studios face high costs and limited availability.

If studios act collectively, aligning on technical specifications, timelines for adoption, and clear commitments to transition away from diesel, they can transform this fragmented demand into a reliable, bankable pipeline of orders. Even a modest aggregation across a few major studios can create market certainty at a scale that fundamentally changes supplier incentives. Extending this approach to adjacent industries with similar temporary power needs, such as live events, construction, or sports production, would further amplify purchasing power and create cross-industry learning.

The benefits are clear. A coordinated demand signal reduces per-unit costs through economies of scale, encourages suppliers to invest in production capacity and workforce training, and accelerates the diffusion of new technologies. Aggregation also helps standardize equipment specifications and service requirements, reducing friction in deployment and making it easier for suppliers to serve multiple clients. In effect, the industry can create its own market transformation.

In other sectors, advance market commitments have successfully catalyzed investment into emerging technologies by guaranteeing future demand once products meet agreed-upon performance- and cost-based targets. Studios and adjacent industries can establish an advance market commitment–style commitment for clean mobile power, thus providing manufacturers with confidence to advance development and suppliers with confidence to invest in products. This aggregated, performance- and metric-based demand signal can unlock the supply chain and accelerate clean mobile power adoption.

Such an effort to leverage advance market commitments for an industry-wide demand signal can be executed in various pathways. However, a phased approach of implementation can entail the following: Studios and key suppliers can begin by quantifying near-term clean mobile power demand across productions, identifying the volume, size, and types of units they could realistically deploy over the next several years. In parallel, stakeholders can align on shared cost, reliability, and performance criteria that clean mobile power needs to meet to qualify for procurement, providing suppliers with clear targets for investment and fleet expansion. These demand parameters can then be formalized through multiparty commitments that give manufacturers bankable assurance of future orders. Finally, the industry can designate a neutral convening body or coalition to coordinate commitments, monitor progress, and communicate aggregated demand to suppliers and investors. Executing these steps can convert high-level intent into measurable, investment-ready demand, unlocking supplier confidence, lowering costs, and accelerating the transition from pilots to scaled clean mobile power action.

Flagship pilots

Barriers addressed: Risk aversion, crew and public perception

Objectives advanced: Increase availability, promote adoption, drive investment

Flagship pilots on high-profile productions can serve as powerful proof points to de-risk technology reliability, showcase performance capabilities, and highlight creative compatibility in real-world settings. Film and TV productions are global storytelling platforms; therefore, these pilots carry unique influence. Case studies, behind-the-scenes features, or short-form content can spotlight the practical benefits of clean mobile power while normalizing technologies across the industry (and beyond).[47]

Disney and Netflix have already begun to demonstrate the power of this approach. Publicizing their clean mobile power success stories through sustainability reports, video-based storytelling content, and written articles helps redirect conversations from “can this work?” to “when will this become the standard?” Directors, producers, talent, and crews — trusted voices with cultural reach — have the power to accelerate industry-wide adoption, and broader cultural acceptance. Publicizing and promoting outcomes from these pilots builds confidence, buy-in and excitement; demonstrates reliability; and accelerates adoption and investment.

Capital and cost

Coordinate joint procurement and long-term purchasing frameworks

Barriers addressed: Risk aversion, high costs, fragmented purchasing, limited supply

Objective advanced: Decrease costs, increase availability, drive investment

Once demand has been aggregated through mechanisms such as advance market commitments, joint procurement can offer a practical pathway to translate those signals into action. By pooling purchasing power, studios and rental houses can reduce costs, share risk, and accelerate investment. These collective procurement efforts can evolve into bulk purchasing agreements or frame contracts, which secure volume discounts and provide manufacturers with predictable order pipelines. Such agreements can be structured to include performance criteria, standardized technical specifications, and delivery timelines, ensuring the new clean mobile power products meet the shared industry needs.

Coordinating purchases across multiple suppliers, and potentially studios, increases negotiating leverage, particularly for large-format BESS and hydrogen units. This lowers per-unit costs, stabilizes production schedules, and ensures clean mobile power solutions are available when needed.

Negotiating collectively — rather than ad hoc, individual purchases — unlocks economies of scale and creates greater certainty for manufacturers and investors alike. In effect, this approach transforms fragmented studio interest into a coordinated purchasing body, an essential bridge between intent and implementation.

Develop innovative financing and insurance mechanisms

Barriers addressed: High up-front cost, financial risk aversion
Objectives advanced: Decrease costs, drive investment, increase availability

One of the biggest obstacles to wider adoption of clean mobile power is the perception — and in some cases, reality — of financial and operational risk. Studios are reluctant to take chances on technologies that may not perform as reliably as diesel, especially when production timelines are tight and downtime is costly. Suppliers, on the other hand, often struggle to access affordable capital to scale up manufacturing, maintain fleets, or invest in charging and refueling infrastructure. The result is a financing gap that slows the transition.

New financial structures and risk-mitigation tools can help close this gap. Performance guarantees backed by insurers could reassure studios that clean mobile power systems will meet agreed reliability and output standards. This type of guarantee has been crucial in other sectors: in the early days of solar and wind energy, warranties and performance bonds played a significant role in building buyer confidence. Similarly, credit enhancements or blended finance vehicles, developed in partnership with commercial lenders and development finance institutions, can lower the cost of capital for suppliers, making it easier to scale fleets and infrastructure without passing high costs on to studios.

Studios can also play a catalytic role. Just as corporate offtake agreements helped unlock renewable energy projects, forward commitments from major studios can underpin new financing models. For example, if studios committed to multiyear service contracts, financiers would have the certainty they need to back supplier expansion. Insurers can then step in with tailored products, such as operational risk coverage or revenue guarantees, ensuring that suppliers are protected if unforeseen performance issues arise. The EV sector offers a useful parallel. Battery performance warranties and residual value guarantees were essential in building trust with fleet operators and financiers. Once these mechanisms were in place, leasing and fleet financing models expanded dramatically. The same kind of risk-sharing tools can unlock the widespread adoption of clean mobile power.

Together, these mechanisms spread risk across the ecosystem instead of leaving it concentrated with a single stakeholder. Such collaboration would not only unlock the flow of capital into the sector but also build the trust and predictability needed to make clean mobile power a reliable, mainstream option for productions worldwide.

Secure government incentives and rebates

Barriers addressed: High up-front cost, policy patchwork
Objectives advanced: Decrease costs, drive investment, increase availability

Governments can help bridge the near-term cost premium for clean mobile power units. Targeted policies such as voucher programs (e.g., California’s CORE), tax rebates, and low-interest loans or grants can significantly reduce up-front costs and de-risk investment. Aligning permitting and regulatory frameworks across jurisdictions would also simplify adoption for productions that move between regions.

Studios, suppliers, and equipment manufacturers can help shape these policies by collectively engaging with national, state, and local agencies to align incentives with broader clean energy and film and TV production goals. For example, industry associations can advocate for inclusions of clean mobile power technologies in existing off-road equipment or clean-fleet rebate programs or establish dedicated production-based incentives tied to verified emissions reductions. Ensuring that rebates are designed to be available for all equipment owners, including both larger-scale rental houses as well as smaller independent owner/operators, is critically important.

Clear, consistent incentives and policies can not only drive down costs for early adopters but also provide predictable market signals and give manufacturers the confidence to expand production and drive innovation. Coordinated advocacy across the industry can enable clean mobile power solutions to be recognized as key components of forthcoming energy-, pollution-, human health–, and production-related policy measures, accelerating cost parity, adoption, and deployment.

Operations and workforce

Adopt Energy-as-a-Service (EaaS) models

Barriers addressed: Misaligned incentives, operational/logistical risk
Objectives advanced: Increase availability, decrease costs, promote adoption

Traditional equipment rental models place the burden of operation, performance, and fuel management on productions, whereas EaaS offers a different path. Suppliers provide turnkey, reliable, clean energy services, and productions pay for energy delivered rather than for equipment rented. This reduces complexity for productions while creating recurring revenue streams for suppliers that can support reinvestment and growth.

However, for the film and TV industry, EaaS models must be designed in partnership with unions and crews. Current agreements define who can transport and operate equipment on production, roles that are critical for both safety and fairness. If structured collaboratively, EaaS can complement rather than replace these responsibilities, with suppliers managing back-end logistics like recharging or refueling, and crews maintaining their established on-production functions. With proper training and engagement, it can even create opportunities for new skills and roles as clean power systems scale.

EaaS works best for productions with sustained or complex power needs, where predictable service is more valuable than the lowest up-front rental cost. Its success depends on suppliers investing in infrastructure and logistical capacity, and on studios, financiers, and unions aligning early to shape fair, reliable service models. Paired with demand aggregation and financing tools, EaaS can become a cornerstone of industry-wide adoption.

The live events industry has already begun adopting EaaS approaches for portable solar and battery units. Instead of renting equipment, festivals and concerts increasingly contract for “clean power packages” delivered as a service, guaranteeing reliability while reducing operational hassle. For example, Greener Power Solutions offers delivery, setup, operation, monitoring, and takedown of its clean mobile power, including batteries, converters, power trailers, and mobile solar and wind turbines as part of its packages.^[48] A similar approach can be adapted and scaled for film and TV production.

Establish efficiency and utilization standards

Barriers addressed: Inefficient generator use, cultural inertia, and lack of clean mobile power normalization
Objectives advanced: Reduce demand, promote adoption

Efficiency-first planning must also become standard practice. Productions should measure real energy loads rather than rely on oversized diesel generator norms. Suppliers can provide real-time monitoring tools, while studios integrate efficiency protocols for lighting, HVAC, trailers, and operations.

At the same time, the industry should adopt baseline utilization standards for clean mobile power, for example, requiring clean mobile power quotes alongside diesel generators and/or mandating clean mobile power coverage of basecamp or catering loads where feasible. Standardized clean mobile power utilization ensures these technologies become the default practice, reduces discretionary avoidance, and generates comparable data across projects.

System enablers

Build shared charging and refueling infrastructure

Barriers addressed: Infrastructure limitations, operational complexity
Objectives advanced: Increase availability, decrease costs, drive investment

Charging hubs for BESS and hydrogen fuel depots remain scarce, creating logistical hurdles and reliance on diesel backups. Studios, suppliers, and governments can coinvest in shared infrastructure at major production hubs. Shared facilities reduce downtime, enable more efficient fleet management, and spread capital costs across multiple users. Transparent governance and access agreements are needed to ensure fair use.

Create standards, interoperability, and data transparency

Barriers addressed: Technical fragmentation, risk perceptions, and knowledge gaps
Objectives advanced: Promote adoption, drive investment, increase availability

Interoperability standards allow suppliers to build flexible fleets without fear of stranded assets. A shared data platform, aggregating anonymized metrics like kWh delivered, uptime, costs, and emissions avoided, would provide transparency, support investment decisions, and accelerate learning across productions and technologies.

Taken together

These strategies form the backbone of a collective approach to industry transformation. Demand aggregation builds market scale, while financing and insurance tools reduce perceived risks, and service-based models realign incentives for long-term growth. Each pathway requires joint action among studios, suppliers, crews, financiers, insurers, and policymakers. But the payoff is clear: lower costs, higher confidence, and a faster path from promising pilots to industry-wide adoption.

No single intervention will deliver this transition alone. Success depends on a coordinated approach that increases demand, expands availability, lowers costs, drives investment, and builds adoption simultaneously. The good news is that the industry has already begun to test many of these solutions in practice. By scaling them through collective action, the film and TV industry can establish clean mobile power not as a niche innovation, but as the new baseline for production. The next step is clear: each stakeholder group must translate these pathways into concrete commitments and actions.

Given the complex network of stakeholders involved in any production, it can be challenging to assess where best to start. Each part of a successful production has a role to play in supporting the adoption of cleaner technologies on production, from conception to implementation. Below, we provide links to guides for crews, studios, suppliers, and producers on how best to overcome obstacles and drive toward clean mobile power.

Production crew

Studios

Suppliers

Line producers and unit production managers

Executive producers, directors, and cast

Unions, guilds, film commissions, and industry coalitions

This report is a roadmap for the US, Canadian, and UK film and TV industry to meet a broad industry commitment of reducing generator or mobile power emissions on productions through the adoption of clean mobile power technologies.

Adopting clean mobile power will not only reduce the global production emissions footprint of the film and TV industry, it will also bring other welcome benefits, including reduced noise and air pollution, and, ultimately, operational cost savings. This added value offers a compelling alternative that aligns with environmental goals and production needs.

This shift comes as the clean mobile power market is on the cusp of transformative growth, with the entertainment industry uniquely positioned to lead this transition. Worldwide, the cost of renewable alternatives is falling, following a decades-long trend. There has never been a better time to explore and develop this market.

However, the specific needs of the entertainment industry in terms of size and scale are not currently being met. This is where the industry can take control: advance market commitments, joint procurement strategies, and better planning and standards can convince manufacturers and rental houses that significant demand exists for these technologies, creating economies of scale that drive down still-too-high up-front costs. Successful pilots can build trust among the industry’s essential workforce.

Outside the industry, government incentives, rebates, and innovative financing and insurance strategies can further tip the balance toward clean mobile power.

No single initiative can solve this challenge, but taken together, a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable production environment is possible.

The technology to provide clean mobile power exists today. In many cases, it is already in use. But in addition to scale, cultural barriers to change persist: oversized generators instead of energy efficiency planning, siloed studios instead of joint action, business as usual over improved systems.

All of these challenges have solutions, but it will take every stakeholder in the production process, from studio heads to rental houses and manufacturers, to the men and women who make production sets run, coming together in pursuit of a shared vision.

The industry is not beginning from a standing start; momentum has already grown from studios’ sustainability commitments to real action on the ground. We are now at the decision point of how to scale these technologies and practices even further.

This report demonstrates how to get there, but it will take the entire industry to implement. In working together, the film and TV industry has an opportunity to bring about the clean mobile power revolution. If successful, the result will not only be cleaner, quieter, and healthier productions, but also a film and TV industry that helps shape the clean energy transition worldwide.

Glossary of terms

Ampere (A): A unit of electrical current flowing through a circuit. Contrary to engineering convention, diesel generators in the film industry (especially in the United States) are often described by the number of amperes of current they can support across all their 120 volt (V) phases. This report provides these current “ratings” in keeping with this industry shorthand alongside the generator’s prime kVA rating.

Battery energy storage system (BESS): A rechargeable battery that stores electrical energy (often from renewable sources) and supplies it when needed. These are quiet, emissions-free alternatives to diesel generators.

Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e): A standard unit for measuring carbon footprints. It expresses the impact of all greenhouse gases (like methane and nitrous oxide) in terms of the amount of CO₂ that would create the same warming effect.

Clean mobile power: Portable energy solutions that do not rely on fossil fuels to store and distribute energy. Clean mobile power may rely on charge stored in battery cells, or chemical energy stored in hydrogen to store and generate this energy.

Coulombic efficiency: A measure of the charge efficiency in batteries, representing the ratio of the total charge extracted during discharge to the total charge injected during a full charge cycle.

Diesel generator: A portable power source that burns diesel fuel to generate electricity. Common on film sets and a major source of climate and air pollution.

Greenhouse gases (GHGs): Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere, contributing to global warming. Key examples include carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. These are often emitted during fuel combustion on productions.

Grid tie-in/power drop: Temporarily accessing the electric grid to use for production power while filming on location, or at a studio or backlot that does not have sufficient power.

Hydrogen power unit (HPU): A generator that either uses hydrogen fuel cells or hydrogen-fueled internal combustion to generate power. It emits only water vapor and heat, and (for hydrogen combustion) trace NOx particulates. When powered by green hydrogen, it is a zero-emissions alternative to diesel.

Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO): A type of renewable diesel made from waste fats and oils. It burns cleaner than fossil diesel and can be used in existing diesel generators with little or no modification.

Kilovolt-ampere (kVA): A unit of electrical power equal to 1,000 volt-amperes. Specifically, kVA refers to the apparent power of an alternating current system: both the power used for useful work (as in kilowatts) and the power not used for useful work. This report uses kVA to describe the prime rating of conventional generators alongside the ampere-based shorthand described above.

Kilowatt (kW): A unit of power equal to 1,000 watts. It measures the rate at which energy is used or produced. For example, a 5 kW power unit can supply 5 kW of power at any given moment. This report uses kW to describe the output of battery- and hydrogen-based power units with inverters.

Kilowatt-hour (kWh): A unit of energy equal to using 1 kilowatt of power for one hour. It is used to measure total energy consumption over time — like how much electricity a set uses during a shoot.

Load: The total amount of electrical power required by all equipment running at a given time on production. Managing load is key to choosing the right power source and avoiding overuse of generators.

Prime rating: In variable-power generator systems, the maximum amount of power a generator can produce when it is used as the primary power source for an application over an extended period. This report defaults to using a power unit’s prime rating when power figures are given, unless noted otherwise.

Renewable diesel: A drop-in fuel made from renewable feed stocks such as vegetable oils, meaning it can blend with regular diesel at any ratio, within a fuel tank. This type of diesel runs cleaner than regular diesel, and the industry standard is a typical 65% reduction in life-cycle GHG emissions.

Scope 1 emissions: Direct emissions from sources a company owns or controls (e.g., from the perspective of a film production, fuel burned in on-production generators or vehicles).

Scope 2 emissions: Indirect emissions from purchased electricity, heating, or cooling (e.g., from the perspective of a studio, power used in studios).

Scope 3 emissions: Indirect greenhouse gas emissions that occur in a company’s value chain but are not directly controlled or owned by the company (e.g., from the perspective of a film production, the emissions resulting from building and shipping a generator to a production for use on production).

Endnotes

[1] Andrew Robinson and Samantha Leigh, Lights, Camera, Climate Action: Report on Clean Power Alternatives for the Film Industry, Green Spark Group, 2023, https://metrovancouver.org/services/air-quality-climate-action/Documents/lights-camera-climate-action-report.pdf.

[2] RMI analysis, 2024.

[3] Robinson, Lights, Camera, Climate Action, 2023.

[4] RMI analysis.

[5] Robinson, Lights, Camera, Climate Action, 2023.

[6] RMI analysis.

[7] “Hydrogen Benefits and Considerations,” Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, accessed October 10, 2025, https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/hydrogen-benefits.

[8] “Energy Storage,” Stanford Energy, accessed October 10, 2025, https://understand-energy.stanford.edu/tools/energy-storage; Making the Hydrogen Economy Possible: Accelerating Clean Hydrogen in an Electrified Economy, Energy Transitions Commission, April 2021, https://www.energy-transitions.org/publications/making-clean-hydrogen-possible/.

[9] Temporary Power Market Size, Share & Growth Report (2024–2030), Grand View Research, accessed October 10, 2025, https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/temporary-power-market-report.

[10] Alexander Lewis-Jones, Laurence Johnson, and Roxy Erickson, The Fuel Project — Supplier Guidance Report, Film London & Creative Zero, October 2022, https://film-london.files.svdcdn.com/production/The-Fuel-Report-v3.6-compressed.pdf.

[11] “Mobile Battery Energy Storage | 30 kVA/24 kW | 90 kWh | 208/120V,” Generac, https://www.generac.com/industrial-products/mobile-power-light-solutions/mobile-energy-storage/30kva-battery-energy-storage-mbe30/; “Mobile Power Systems,” OptionZero, https://optionzero.us/power-systems.

[12] Emre Gençer, “Hydrogen,” MIT Climate Portal, accessed September 18, 2025, https://climate.mit.edu/explainers/hydrogen.

[13] RMI analysis.

[14] Brian Jabeck, “The Impact Of Generator Set Underloading,” CAT, October 2013, https://www.cat.com/en_US/by-industry/electric-power/Articles/White-papers/the-impact-of-generator-set-underloading.html.

[15] RMI analysis.

[16] “Hydrogen Production Projects Interactive Map,” International Energy Agency, accessed October 10, 2025, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/hydrogen-production-projects-interactive-map.

[28] Lewis-Jones, The Fuel Project — Supplier Guidance Report, October 2022.

[30] “Temporary Power Market Size to Grow Exponentially to Reach an Estimated Valuation of USD 20.34 Bn by 2028…,” Extrapolate, GlobeNewswire, July 13, 2023, https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/07/13/2704545/0/en/Temporary-Power-Market-Size-to-Grow-Exponential.html.

[31] Brad Plumer, “How the G.O.P. Bill Will Reshape America’s Energy Landscape,” The New York Times, July 3, 2025, https://www.nytimes.com/2025/07/03/climate/congress-bill-energy.html.

[32] Suparna Ray, “U.S. Battery Storage Capacity Will Increase Significantly by 2025,” US Energy Information Administration, December 8, 2022, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=54939.

[33] “U.S. National Clean Hydrogen Strategy and Roadmap,” HyResource, June 2023, https://research.csiro.au/hyresource/policy/international/united-states/.

[34] “U.S. Department of Energy Clean Hydrogen Production Standard (CHPS) Guidance,” US Department of Energy, https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/docs/hydrogenprogramlibraries/pdfs/clean-hydrogen-production-standard-guidance.pdf.

[36] “Canada’s Clean Electricity Future,” Government of Canada, August 8, 2025, https://www.canada.ca/en/services/environment/weather/climatechange/climate-plan/clean-electricity.html.

[37] Tyson Dyck et al., “Federal Government Releases Hydrogen Strategy For Canada,” Mondaq, January 18, 2021, https://www.mondaq.com/canada/renewables/1026578/federal-government-releases-hydrogen-strategy-for-canada.

[38] “UK Battery Strategy,” UK Department for Business and Trade, November 26, 2023, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-battery-strategy.

[39] “GH2 Country Portal — United Kingdom,” Green Hydrogen Organisation, accessed July 15, 2025, http://gh2.org/countries/united-kingdom.

[40] Roxy Erickson, Laurence Johnson, and Alexander Lewis-Jones, The Fuel Project — The Shift: Decarbonising Supplier Transport and Mobile Power for London’s Film and Television Industry, Creative Zero & Film London, September 2024, https://film-london.files.svdcdn.com/production/The-Fuel-Project-The-Shift-September-24-V1.pdf.

[45] Cohort Technology Specification Guidance, Clean Mobile Power Initiative, January 2024, https://drive.google.com/file/d/14xhofByFrfe3FvIp-WTFDcMn6hJVGX5P/view.

[46] Net Zero Insights, 2025, https://netzeroinsights.com/

[47] “Ransom Canyon | Sustainability on Set | Netflix”, YouTube, April 22, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O51RkZg4zic.

[48] “Mobile Batteries for Events and Festivals,” Greener Power Solutions, accessed September 18, 2025, https://greenerpowersolutions.com/service/events/.